---
# usb-signaller — boot-time panic in UDC::load, index out of bounds

**Status:** 2026-07-20 — root cause identified, not yet fixed. Read-only
device audit found this; nothing restarted, no patch applied yet.

## Symptom

Both `usb-signaller.service` and `usb-signaller-default-mode.service` fail
on **every boot** (confirmed across 5 consecutive boots in journal, going
back to at least 2026-07-20 01:21). Journal:

```
usb-signaller[NNN]: ℹ️  Pre-flight checks
usb-signaller[NNN]: 🔍 Discovering URSs
usb-signaller[NNN]: thread 'main' (NNN) panicked at src/udc.rs:388:37:
usb-signaller[NNN]: index out of bounds: the len is 0 but the index is 0
usb-signaller.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=101/n/a
...
usb-signaller-default-mode[NNN]: usb-signaller never appeared on the bus
usb-signaller-default-mode.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
```

`usb-signaller-default-mode.service` ("Default USB mode at boot (developer)")
fails as a downstream consequence — it waits ~21s for usb-signaller on
D-Bus, which never appears since the main process already panicked.

Not a hardware/UDC-absence issue: `/sys/class/udc/` does contain a real
controller (`a600000.usb`) at the time of the audit. So discovery has
*something* to enumerate; the crash is in how it's indexed, not in finding
zero UDCs.

## Root cause

Package: `usb-signaller` 0.3.1-2 (upstream, by Dylan Van Assche — the
usb-moded replacement for mainline Linux Mobile). Source checked out locally
at `~/build/src/usb-signaller` and `~/build/usb-signaller/src/usb-signaller`
for build/patching.

`src/udc.rs`, `UDC::load()`, lines 382-388:

```rust
for entry in discover_gadgets() {
    let entry = ConfigFsGadget::load(&entry)?;
    if udc_name == entry.udc {
        if entry.enabled {
            /* USB Ethernet NCM gadget */
            if entry.configs[0].functions[0].name.starts_with("ncm.") {
```

`ConfigFsGadget.configs` and each config's `.functions` are plain `Vec`s
populated in `gadget.rs` by scanning the gadget's `configs/` directory in
configfs — there is no guarantee either Vec is non-empty. The code assumes
any gadget where `entry.enabled == true` already has at least one config
with at least one function, and indexes `[0]` unchecked on both.

At early boot (this runs right after "Pre-flight checks", i.e. very early
in the service's life), a gadget can be `enabled` in sysfs terms while its
`configs/` subtree hasn't finished being populated yet, or a stale/partial
gadget is left over from a previous session — configfs itself doesn't
enforce "enabled implies non-empty configs" atomically. Either scenario
produces `entry.configs` (or `entry.configs[0].functions`) with len 0, and
the unchecked index panics the whole process before any UDC mode gets set.

## Fix sketch (not applied — read-only audit)

Guard both indexes, e.g.:

```rust
if entry.enabled {
    if let Some(cfg) = entry.configs.first() {
        if let Some(func) = cfg.functions.first() {
            if func.name.starts_with("ncm.") { ... }
            else if func.name.starts_with("ffs.mtp") { ... }
            else if func.name.starts_with("ffs.accessory") { ... }
            else { mode = UDCMode::Unknown; eprintln!(...); }
        } else {
            mode = UDCMode::Unknown; // enabled gadget, no functions yet
        }
    } else {
        mode = UDCMode::Unknown; // enabled gadget, no configs yet
    }
}
```

i.e. treat "enabled but not yet fully populated" as `UDCMode::Unknown`
rather than crashing — matches how the existing `else` branch (line 408-409)
already handles an unrecognized function name.

## Impact

Because the process panics, USB mode never gets set at boot at all (not
even a fallback), and `usb-signaller-default-mode.service` (developer mode
at boot) never applies. Practically: USB currently comes up in whatever
mode the kernel/gadget defaults to, not the configured "developer" default,
until something else (manual `usb-signallerctl` call, or a later retry) sets
it — needs to be verified once a fix lands.

## Next steps

1. Patch `udc.rs:388` per sketch above (or upstream-style `.get(0)` /
   `.first()` guards).
2. Rebuild, reboot, confirm both units go green and default-mode actually
   applies (check `usb-signallerctl status` or equivalent post-boot).
3. Consider filing upstream against Dylan Van Assche's usb-signaller repo —
   this is likely a stock bug, not something introduced by local patches
   (worth diffing `~/build/src/usb-signaller` against upstream HEAD to
   confirm before filing).

## Status update — 2026-07-21

Fix applied and verified at runtime:

- Patched per the sketch (`.first()` guards, fall through to
  `UDCMode::Unknown`), cross-built on archdev, installed at
  `/usr/local/bin/usb-signaller` with a systemd drop-in
  (`/etc/systemd/system/usb-signaller.service.d/local-fix.conf`)
  overriding ExecStart — pacman-owned `/usr/bin` binary untouched.
- Patch + pkgrel=3 vendored in `Pixel3Arch/pkgs/usb-signaller/`
  (0001-udc-guard-empty-configs-functions.patch), commit a970742.
- Runtime restart: both units went green, default-mode applied
  Developer for the first time ("Setting mode of UDC a600000.usb from
  Charging to Developer").
- Trap discovered: the mode apply recreates the gadget, the new
  function enumerates as usb1, and the stale usb0 keeps a linkdown
  route that eats every reply — USB ssh dies. Fixed the networkd match
  to Name=usb* (live + rootfs-overlay) and flushed the stale usb0.

Remaining:

1. Cold-boot verify (Casey, at device): both units green from boot,
   `usb-signallerctl status` shows developer, USB net comes up as usb0.
2. Diff against upstream HEAD and file the panic upstream — the guard
   is a clean candidate patch.